This image is widely believed to be the portrait of Emperor Zhao of Han, personal name Liu Fuling, from its captions.[1][2][3][4][5]

Chen Baozhen points out on page 25 of his article in the 16th issue of the Arts Research Journal that this may not be Zhao Di.[6] He notes the discrepancy in age; Zhao Di died at the age of 21 while the portrait is that of a middle-age man. Furthermore, the brushstroke for the caption is different from those of other emperors in the scroll. From the plain clothes (the other emperors wear regal attire), Baozhen deduces that the man portrayed might instead be Wang Mang, the usurper; later historians might not have understood the original author's depiction and overwritten the caption for "correct" chronology.