Amphicynodontinae - Povijest promjena

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2022-04-30T11:24:44Z

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	~~<!--'''Amphicynodontinae'''-->~~{{Taksokvir		{{Taksokvir
	\| boja = pink		\| boja = pink
	\| naziv = ''Amphicynodontinae''		\| naziv = ''Amphicynodontinae''

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2022-01-02T02:17:37Z

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	<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Wang, X. \|author2=McKenna, M. C. \|author3=Dashzeveg, D. \|title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. \|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 \|journal=American Museum Novitates \|volume=483 \|issue=3483 \|page=216 \|year=2005\|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>		<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Wang, X. \|author2=McKenna, M. C. \|author3=Dashzeveg, D. \|title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. \|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 \|journal=American Museum Novitates \|volume=483 \|issue=3483 \|page=216 \|year=2005\|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Higdon, J. W. \|author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. \|author3=Beck, R. M. \|author4=Ferguson, S. H. \|title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset \|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 \|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology \|volume=7 \|page=216 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17996107 \|pmc=2245807}}</ref>		<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Higdon, J. W. \|author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. \|author3=Beck, R. M. \|author4=Ferguson, S. H. \|title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset \|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 \|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology \|volume=7 \|page=216 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17996107 \|pmc=2245807}}</ref>
	<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{~~cite book~~ \| last1 = McKenna \| first1 = M.C. \| last2 = Bell \| first2 = S. \| year = 1997 \| title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. \| url = \| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>		<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{Citiranje knjige \| last1 = McKenna \| first1 = M.C. \| last2 = Bell \| first2 = S. \| year = 1997 \| title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. \| url = \| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>
	}}		}}

	[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]		[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]

WikiSysop: \

2021-12-17T11:35:25Z

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 11:35, 17. prosinca 2021.
Redak 68:		Redak 68:
	{{izvori\|refs=		{{izvori\|refs=
	<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal \| last1 = McLellan \| first1 = B. \| last2 = Reiner \| first2 = D.C. \|year=1992 \|title= A review of bear evolution \|journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management \|volume=9 \|issue=1 \|pages=85–96 \|doi=10.2307/3872687\| jstor = 3872687 \|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf }}</ref>		<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal \| last1 = McLellan \| first1 = B. \| last2 = Reiner \| first2 = D.C. \|year=1992 \|title= A review of bear evolution \|journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management \|volume=9 \|issue=1 \|pages=85–96 \|doi=10.2307/3872687\| jstor = 3872687 \|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf }}</ref>
	<ref name="Tedfordetal">{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Tedford \| first1 = R. H. \| authorlink = Richard H. Tedford \| last2 = Barnes \| first2 = L. G. \| last3 = Ray \| first3 = C. E. \| title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran ''Kolponomos'': Systematics and mode of life \| year = 1994 \| journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History \| volume = 29 \| pages = 11–32 \| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf \| accessdate = 24 July 2010 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf \| archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref>		<ref name="Tedfordetal">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Tedford \| first1 = R. H. \| authorlink = Richard H. Tedford \| last2 = Barnes \| first2 = L. G. \| last3 = Ray \| first3 = C. E. \| title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran ''Kolponomos'': Systematics and mode of life \| year = 1994 \| journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History \| volume = 29 \| pages = 11–32 \| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf \| accessdate = 24 July 2010 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf \| archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Rybczynski07">{{cite journal \| last1=Rybczynski\|first1=N. \| last2=Dawson\|first2=M.R. \| last3=Tedford\|first3=R.H. \| year = 2009 \| title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia \| journal = Nature \| volume = 458 \| issue = 7241 \| pages = 1021–24 \| doi = 10.1038/nature07985 \| pmid = 19396145}}</ref>		<ref name="Rybczynski07">{{cite journal \| last1=Rybczynski\|first1=N. \| last2=Dawson\|first2=M.R. \| last3=Tedford\|first3=R.H. \| year = 2009 \| title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia \| journal = Nature \| volume = 458 \| issue = 7241 \| pages = 1021–24 \| doi = 10.1038/nature07985 \| pmid = 19396145}}</ref>
	<ref name="Berta2018">{{cite journal \| last1=Berta\|first1=A. \| last2=Morgan\|first2=C. \| last3=Boessenecker\|first3=R.W. \| year = 2018 \| title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses \| journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences \| volume = 46 \| pages = 203–228 \| doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}</ref>		<ref name="Berta2018">{{cite journal \| last1=Berta\|first1=A. \| last2=Morgan\|first2=C. \| last3=Boessenecker\|first3=R.W. \| year = 2018 \| title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses \| journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences \| volume = 46 \| pages = 203–228 \| doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}</ref>
	<ref name="Hunt 1990">{{cite journal\|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. \|author2=Barnes, L. G. \|year=1994\|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds\|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History\|volume=29\|pages=57–67\|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990\|format=PDF}}</ref>		<ref name="Hunt 1990">{{cite journal\|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. \|author2=Barnes, L. G. \|year=1994\|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds\|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History\|volume=29\|pages=57–67\|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990\|format=PDF}}</ref>
	<ref name="Lento 1995">{{cite journal \|author1=Lento, G. M. \|author2=Hickson, R. E. \|author3=Chambers, G. K. \|author4=Penny, D. \|year=1995 \|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 \|title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution \|volume=12 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–52 \|pmid=7877495 \|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		<ref name="Lento 1995">{{cite journal \|author1=Lento, G. M. \|author2=Hickson, R. E. \|author3=Chambers, G. K. \|author4=Penny, D. \|year=1995 \|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 \|title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds \|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution \|volume=12 \|issue=1 \|pages=28–52 \|pmid=7877495 \|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	<ref name="wangetal2005">{{~~Cite journal~~ \|author1=Wang, X. \|author2=McKenna, M. C. \|author3=Dashzeveg, D. \|title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. \|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 \|journal=American Museum Novitates \|volume=483 \|issue=3483 \|page=216 \|year=2005\|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>		<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Wang, X. \|author2=McKenna, M. C. \|author3=Dashzeveg, D. \|title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. \|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 \|journal=American Museum Novitates \|volume=483 \|issue=3483 \|page=216 \|year=2005\|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{~~Cite journal~~ \|author1=Higdon, J. W. \|author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. \|author3=Beck, R. M. \|author4=Ferguson, S. H. \|title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset \|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 \|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology \|volume=7 \|page=216 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17996107 \|pmc=2245807}}</ref>		<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Citiranje časopisa \|author1=Higdon, J. W. \|author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. \|author3=Beck, R. M. \|author4=Ferguson, S. H. \|title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset \|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 \|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology \|volume=7 \|page=216 \|year=2007 \|pmid=17996107 \|pmc=2245807}}</ref>
	<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book \| last1 = McKenna \| first1 = M.C. \| last2 = Bell \| first2 = S. \| year = 1997 \| title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. \| url = \| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>		<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book \| last1 = McKenna \| first1 = M.C. \| last2 = Bell \| first2 = S. \| year = 1997 \| title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. \| url = \| publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>
	}}		}}

	[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]		[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatski unos stranica

2021-12-10T19:04:45Z

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{{Taksokvir
| boja = pink
| naziv = ''Amphicynodontinae''
| status = EX
| raspon_fosila = [[Eocen]] - [[miocen]]
| slika = Kolponomos newportensis .jpg
| slika_širina = 250px
| slika_opis = Ilustracija ''[[Kolponomos newportensis]]''.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Ursidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Amphicynodontinae]]
|subfamilia _autorstvo = Simpson, 1945
|razdioba_stupanj = Rodovi
|razdioba={{plainlist|
* †''[[Amphicticeps]]''
* †''[[Parictis]]''
* †''[[Kolponomos]]''
* †''[[Allocyon]]''
* †''[[Pachycynodon]]''
* †''[[Amphicynodon]]''
* †''[[Wangictis]]''
}}
}}
'''Amphicynodontinae''' je vjerojatni [[klad]] izumrlih životinja iz podreda Arctoidea. Dok jedni smatraju ovu grupu izumrlom potporodicom [[Medvjedi|medvjeda]],<ref name="mcLellanreiner1992"/> niz morfoloških dokaza povezuje ih s [[Perajari|perajarima]], jer su djelomično živjeli u vodi.<ref name="Tedfordetal"/><ref name="Rybczynski07"/><ref name="Berta2018"/> Prema McKenna i Bell (1997.), Amphicynodontinae se klasificiraju kao [[perajari]] u nadporodici [[Perajari|Phocoidea]].<ref name="Hunt 1990"/><ref name="Lento 1995"/><ref name="wangetal2005"/><ref name="Rybczynski07"/><ref name="Higdon 2007"/><ref name="Berta2018"/> Prema McKenna i Bell (1997.), Amphicynodontinae treba svrstati u polu-[[perajari|perajare]] u nadporodicu [[Pinnipedia]].<ref name="mckennabell1997"/>

Fosili ovih sisavaca pronađeni su u [[Holarktik|Europi, Sjevernoj Americi i Aziji]].<ref name="Berta2018"/> Amphicynodontine ne treba miješati s [[Amphicyonoidea]] (medvjedima), zasebnom obitelji [[zvijeri]] koja je sestrinski klad od Arctoidea unutar [[Psolike zvijeri|psolikih zvijeri]], ali koja se u starijim publikacijama može navesti kao klada izumrlih Arctoidea.

== Sistematika ==
Potporodica † Amphicynodontinae (Simpson, 1945)
* † ''[[Amphicticeps]]'' (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
** † ''Amphicticeps makhchinus'' (Wang i sur., 2005.)
** † ''Amphicticeps dorog'' (Wang i sur., 2005.)
** † ''Amphicticeps shackelfordi'' (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
* † ''[[Parictis]]'' (Scott, 1893.)
** † ''Parictis primaevus'' (Scott, 1893.)
** † ''Parictis personi'' (Chaffee, 1954.)
** † ''Parictis montanus'' (Clark i Guensburg, 1972)
** † ''Parictis parvus'' (Clark i Beerbower, 1967.)
** † ''Parictis gilpini'' (Clark i Guensburg, 1972)
** † ''Parictis dakotensis'' (Clark, 1936.)
* † ''[[Kolponomos]]'' (Stirton, 1960.)
** † ''Kolponomos newportensis'' ( ''Tedford'' i sur., 1994.)
** † ''Kolponomos clallamensis'' (Stirton, 1960.)
* † ''[[Allocyon]]'' (Merriam, 1930.)
** † ''Allocyon loganensis'' (Merriam, 1930.)
* † ''[[Pachycynodon]]'' (Schlosser, 1888)
** † ''Pachycynodon tedfordi'' (Wang i Qiu, 2003)
** † ''Pachycynodon tenuis'' (Teilhard de Chardin, 1915)
** † ''Pachycynodon filholi'' (Schlosser, 1888.)
** † ''Pachycynodon boriei'' (Filhol, 1876)
** † ''Pachycynodon crassirostris'' (Schlosser, 1888.)
* † ''[[Amphicynodon]]'' (Filhol, 1881.)
** † ''Amphicynodon mongoliensis'' (Janovskaja, 1970.)
** † ''Amphicynodon teilhardi'' (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
** † ''Amphicynodon typicus'' (Schlosser, 1888.)
** † ''Amphicynodon chardini'' (Cirot i De Bonis, 1992.)
** † ''Amphicynodon cephalogalinus'' (Teilhard, 1915)
** † ''Amphicynodon gracilis'' (Filhol, 1874)
** † ''Amphicynodon crassirostris'' (Filhol, 1876)
** † ''Amphicynodon brachyrostris'' (Filhol, 1876)
** † ''Amphicynodon leptorhynchus'' (Filhol, 1874)
** † ''Amphicynodon velaunus'' (Aymard, 1846.)

== Izvori ==
{{izvori|refs=
<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = B. | last2 = Reiner | first2 = D.C. |year=1992 |title= A review of bear evolution |journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687| jstor = 3872687 |url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Tedfordetal">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tedford | first1 = R. H. | authorlink = Richard H. Tedford | last2 = Barnes | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Ray | first3 = C. E. | title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran ''Kolponomos'': Systematics and mode of life | year = 1994 | journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History | volume = 29 | pages = 11–32 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | accessdate = 24 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rybczynski07">{{cite journal | last1=Rybczynski|first1=N. | last2=Dawson|first2=M.R. | last3=Tedford|first3=R.H. | year = 2009 | title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue = 7241 | pages = 1021–24 | doi = 10.1038/nature07985 | pmid = 19396145}}</ref>
<ref name="Berta2018">{{cite journal | last1=Berta|first1=A. | last2=Morgan|first2=C. | last3=Boessenecker|first3=R.W. | year = 2018 | title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume = 46 | pages = 203–228 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}</ref>
<ref name="Hunt 1990">{{cite journal|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. |author2=Barnes, L. G. |year=1994|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History|volume=29|pages=57–67|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990|format=PDF}}</ref>
<ref name="Lento 1995">{{cite journal |author1=Lento, G. M. |author2=Hickson, R. E. |author3=Chambers, G. K. |author4=Penny, D. |year=1995 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 |title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28–52 |pmid=7877495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Wang, X. |author2=McKenna, M. C. |author3=Dashzeveg, D. |title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=483 |issue=3483 |page=216 |year=2005|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>
<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Cite journal |author1=Higdon, J. W. |author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. |author3=Beck, R. M. |author4=Ferguson, S. H. |title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |page=216 |year=2007 |pmid=17996107 |pmc=2245807}}</ref>
<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book | last1 = McKenna | first1 = M.C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. | year = 1997 | title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. | url = | publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>
}}

[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]